A spiritual practice or spiritual discipline (often including spiritual exercises) is the regular or full-time performance of actions and activities undertaken for the purpose of inducing spiritual experiences and cultivating

spiritual development The meaning of ''spirituality'' has developed and expanded over time, and various meanings can be found alongside each other. Traditionally, spirituality referred to a religious process of re-formation which "aims to recover the original shape o ...

. A common metaphor used in the spiritual traditions of the world's great religions is that of walking a path. Therefore, a spiritual practice moves a person along a path towards a goal. The goal is variously referred to as

salvation Salvation (from Latin: ''salvatio'', from ''salva'', 'safe, saved') is the state of being saved or protected from harm or a dire situation. In religion and theology, ''salvation'' generally refers to the deliverance of the soul from sin and its c ...

liberation Liberation or liberate may refer to: Film and television * ''Liberation'' (film series), a 1970–1971 series about the Great Patriotic War * "Liberation" (''The Flash''), a TV episode * "Liberation" (''K-9''), an episode Gaming * '' Liberati ...

or union (with God). A person who walks such a path is sometimes referred to as a wayfarer or a

pilgrim A pilgrim (from the Latin ''peregrinus'') is a traveler (literally one who has come from afar) who is on Pilgrimage, a journey to a holy place. Typically, this is a physical journey (often on foot) to some place of special significance to the a ...

Religion

Abrahamic religions

Judaism

Jewish spiritual practices may include prayer (including the

Shema ''Shema Yisrael'' (''Shema Israel'' or ''Sh'ma Yisrael''; he , שְׁמַע יִשְׂרָאֵל ''Šəmaʿ Yīsrāʾēl'', "Hear, O Israel") is a Jewish prayer (known as the Shema) that serves as a centerpiece of the morning and evening Jewis ...

and Amidah), reciting Berakhah, blessings, Jewish meditation, Torah study, following dietary laws of kashrut, observing Shabbat, fasting, practices of Repentance in Judaism, teshuvah, giving tzedakah, and performing deeds of chesed, loving-kindness. ''Kavanah'' is the directing of the heart to achieve higher contemplative thoughts and attain inner strength. Various Jewish movements throughout history have encouraged a range of other spiritual practices. The Musar movement, for example, encourages a variety of meditations, guided contemplations, and chanting exercises. Certain times of year are often associated with certain spiritual practices, including practices of teshuvah during Elul and the High Holy Days, and other practices associated with certain Jewish holidays.

Christianity

In Christianity, spiritual disciplines may include: prayer in Christianity, prayer, Fasting in Christianity, fasting, reading through the Christian Bible along with a daily devotional, frequent church attendance, constant partaking of the sacraments, such as the Eucharist, careful observance of the Lord's Day (cf. Sunday Sabbatarianism), making a Christian pilgrimage to the List of Christian holy places in the Holy Land, Holy Land, visiting and praying at a church (building), church, offering daily prayer at one's home altar while kneeling at a prie-dieu, making a Spiritual Communion, Christian monasticism, Bible study (Christianity), Bible study, chanting, the use of Prayer beads#Christianity, prayer beads, mortification of the flesh, Christian meditation or contemplative prayer, almsgiving, blessing oneself at their home stoup daily, observing modest fashion, Reconciliation (theology), reconciliation, and ''Lectio Divina''. Spiritual disciplines can also include any combination of the following: chastity, confession (religion), confession, fasting, fellowship, frugality, giving, guidance, hospitality, humility, intimacy, meditation, prayer, Quiet Time, reflection, self-control, servanthood, service, simplicity, singing, slowing, solitude, study, submission, surrender, teaching, and worship. In the Christian liturgical calendar, there are certain spiritual disciplines that are emphasized during various seasons of the Church Year. For example, in the calendar's first liturgical season, Advent, Christians of many denominations prepare for the arrival of Christmastide by praying through a Electronic daily devotional, daily devotional, as well as marking an Advent calendar and lighting an Advent wreath. In Lent, the preparatory season for Eastertide, many Christians (especially Catholics, Methodists and Anglicans) participate in the Friday Fast, pray the Stations of the Cross, mark a Lenten calendar, and make a Lenten sacrifice such as giving up alcohol and practicing teetotalism. Certain Christian denominations emphasize various spiritual disciplines. Praying the rosary, performing corporal and spiritual acts of mercy, and making acts of reparation are spiritual disciplines that are esteemed in the Catholic Church. In Methodism, the works of mercy and works of piety are indispensable spiritual disciplines with respect to one's sanctification. The Religious Society of Friends (also known as the Quakers) practices silent worship, which is punctuated by vocal ministry. Quakers have little to no creed or doctrine, and so their practices constitute a large portion of their group identity. A well-known writer on Christian spiritual disciplines, Richard Foster (theologian), Richard Foster, has emphasized that Christian meditation focuses not of the emptying of the mind or soul, self, but rather on the filling up of the mind or self with God.

Islam

Spiritual practice in Islam is practiced within salat (ritual prayer) during which Muslims subdue all thoughts and concentrate solely on Allah, also through other forms of worship activities like fasting, and Hajj. Among many Muslim groups, immersion in spiritual practices is thought of as more noticeable and deep as practiced by Sufism, Sufis including Dhikr, Muraqaba, and Sufi whirling#Sama, Sama (Sufi whirling).

Indian religions

Buddhism

In Theravada Buddhism, the generic term for spiritual cultivation is ''bhavana''. The Pali word "yoga," central to many early Buddhist texts, has been often translated as "Spiritual Practice." In Burmese Buddhist tradition, Awgatha is a formulaic prayer that is recited to initiate acts of Buddhist devotion, including Prostration (Buddhism), obeisance to the Gautama Buddha, Buddha and Buddhist monks. In Zen Buddhism, meditation (called ''zazen''), the writing of poetry (especially ''haiku''), painting, calligraphy, flower arranging, the Japanese tea ceremony and the maintenance of Zen gardens are considered to be spiritual practices. The Korean tea ceremony is also considered spiritual.

Hinduism

In Hinduism, the practice of cultivating spirituality is known as ''sadhana''. ''Japa'', the silent or audible repetition of a ''mantra'' and Puja (Hinduism), Puja are common Hindu spiritual practices. According to Hindu scriptures, four types of yoga are highly recommended to attain salvation or Moksha-Jnana Yoga, Bhakti Yoga, Karma Yoga and Raja Yoga. Tantra, Tantric practices are shared in common between Hinduism and certain Buddhist (especially Tibetan Buddhist) schools, and involve the deliberate use of the mundane (worldly, physical or material) to access the supramundane (spiritual, energetic or mystical) realms.

Other religions

Baháʼí Faith

Prayer in the Baháʼí Faith, refers to two distinct concepts: ''obligatory prayer'' and ''devotional prayer'' (general prayer). Both types of prayer are composed of reverent words which are addressed to God, and the act of prayer is one of the most important Baháʼí laws for individual discipline.

New Age

Passage meditation was a practice recommended by Eknath Easwaran which involves the memorization and silent repetition of passages of scripture from the world's religions. The term Neotantra refers to a modern collection of practices and schools in the West that integrates the sacred with the sexual, and de-emphasizes the reliance on Gurus. Recent and evolving spiritual practices in the West have also explored the integration of aboriginal instruments such as the Didgeridoo, extended chanting as in Kirtan, or other breathwork taken outside of the context of Eastern lineages or spiritual beliefs, such as Quantum Light Breath.

Philosophies

Cyrenaicism

The Cyrenaics developed the spiritual practice of negative visualization, which was later adopted by the Stoics.

Epicureanism

Epicureanism posits that philosophy is not just a set of beliefs or ethical claims, it is a philosophy of life. Epicurean spiritual practices and exercises include meditating on the Tetrapharmakos, the celebration of Eikas, the practice of aponia, and cultivating the proper understanding of the gods and death so as to remove fear.

Stoicism

Stoicism, takes the view that philosophy is not just a set of beliefs or ethical claims, it is a way of life and discourse involving constant practice and training (e.g., asceticism). Stoic spiritual practices and exercises include contemplation of death and other events that are typically thought negative, training attention to remain in the present moment (similar to some forms of Eastern meditation), daily reflection on everyday problems and possible solutions, keeping a personal journal, and so on. Philosophy for a Stoic is an active process of constant practice and self-reminder.

Anthroposophy

In the context of his spiritual philosophy Anthroposophy, Rudolf Steiner gave an extensive set of Rudolf Steiner's exercises for spiritual development, exercises for spiritual development.Robert A. McDermott, "Rudolf Steiner and Anthroposophy", in Faivre and Needleman, ''Modern Esoteric Spirituality'', , pp. 303ff Some of these were intended for general use, while others were for certain professions, including teachers, doctors, and priests, or were given to private individuals.

Martial arts

Some martial arts, like T'ai chi ch'uan, Aikido, and Jujutsu, are considered spiritual practices by some of their practitioners.

References

Sources

External links

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Spiritual Practice Spiritual practice,